Когут, А.А.Когут2026-07-012026-07-012020-01-01Когут, А. (2020). Феномен "цивільного заручництва" в депортаційних практиках радянських спецслужб на Західній Україні в 1944–1952 роках. Вісник Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка. Історія, (144), 25–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2020.144.5УДК 94(477):341.4310.17721/1728-2640.2020.144.5https://ir.library.knu.ua/handle/15071834/26448During the existence of the USSR, the Bolsheviks wanted to built a new class system in which workers would be the main social group. School in this context should have been included children to the adulthood from a young age. A tool of reeducation and breakdown of a child's life was a work. The reform of secondary education in the 1920s in the USSR meant the beginning of the cultural, social and economic dialogue of the Bolsheviks with their own commonwealth. This dialogue should to determine the further social development of the USSR. Teachers, local jurisdictions and children should become leaders of the dialogue. The population of the USSR in the early 1920s was predominantly rural. That's why children were in a traditional family. At such environment, the child didn't have his own desires, dreams, free time, etc. Parents always involved children to the land work and housekeeping. The Bolsheviks' idea of a school, in which a child would acquire a profession and work, was met with strong resistance among the local population. In the villagers' outlook, the school had to give only reading and elementary grammar. Everything else for existence will be given by the land on which the child must look after. This caused a confrontation between Bolsheviks and local population and fit into the "one-to-one" scheme. Bolsheviks used repression, after the resistance to a unified labor school. Repression meant an attempt to subjugate the traditional population and educate a "new person". The "other-to-other" scheme also works with respect to the main actors in school life and power. Teachers, as the main leaders of the idea of unified labor school, had to bring up a "new person" locally. But in order to bring up a "new person", must understand what it is and have clear methods of education. The only thing that was clear to the teachers of the 1920s in the USSR – to use work as a tool of education at school. This is not surprising, because the person who chose the profession of а teacher, in the beginning of the Soviet Union, was not intended to educate the generation of communists, but to save their own lives, get benefits and wages, escape from the repression because of own past. That is why, a new generation of teachers consisted of "former" people, such as: White Guards, imperial officers, rich villagers and clergy. These people learned the Soviet language and successfully held posts at the school. It was a real possibility for officers, priests, "kulaks". Working in the educational field – this is a chance of survival and a normal existence in the USSR. For that to understand, who were the people, who mastered teaching profession, we used questionnaires, specifications, materials of conferences of teachers. These sources on provincial level give possibility to answer main questions of unified labor school 1920s: could teachers teach in new school? Did they understand, what is soviet education? Answer to these questions gives possibility to evaluate efficiency of reform of secondary education of 1920s. On October 20, 1948, the USSR Order No.00386 was issued, which was based directly on the principles of civil hostage. For more effective implementation of the Chekist "retaliatory actions" a special logistic infrastructure of special assembly points was created. Based on this analysis, it was established that the Stalinist repression system used the principles of joint and several liabilities for the local civilian population of Western Ukraine in 1944–1952. It can be qualified as a violation of the rules of international conventions by the Soviet special services that prohibit the practice of hostage among civilian persons who are not involved in armed conflicts.Розглянуто використання принципів заручництва в депортаційних практиках на території Західної України у 1944–1952 рр. на основі аналізу нововиявлених нормативних актів радягських спецслужб зазначеного періоду. Здійснено аналіз застосування сталінською репресивною системою принципів солідарної відповідальності до місцевого мирного населення та верифіковано можливість використання терміну "сімейного заручництва" щодо депортацій із Західної України.ukdeportationscivilian hostageWestern UkraineSoviet Special ServicesOUN familiesoperation "Zapad"депортаціїцивільне заручництвоЗахідна Українарадянські спецслужбисім'ї оунівцівоперація "Запад"Стаття